Chapter 13 – Hydrocarbons

Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkanes: Preparation Methods and Physical Properties

Preparation Methods of Alkanes: (i) Reduction of Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and Alcohols (Clemmensen Reduction and Woly Kischer Reduction)
(ii) Hydrolysis of Be and Al Carbide
Physical Properties: Boiling Point, Melting Point, Alternation Effect in First 10 Members, solubility

This video is about some more preparation methods for alkanes . Alkanes are also prepared by reduction of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acid and alcohol using Red Phosphorus and HI. Aldehydes and ketones can also be reduced by Clemmensen reduction and Wolf Kischner reduction. Methane is also prepared by hydrolysis of Beryllium and Aluminium carbide. The physical properties like Boiling point and melting point increase with increasing number of carbon atoms. The melting point of first ten alkanes show alternation effect. Due to non polar character alkanes are water insoluble.


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkanes: Chemical Properties Part-1

Very Less Reactive: (i) Substitution Reactions - Halogenation (Swarts Reaction for Prepararion of Fluoroalkanes)
Nitration, Sulphonation (All substitution occur via Free Radical Formation), (ii) Oxidation: Couple Oxidation or Combustion, Incomplete combustion, Catalytic Oxidation

This video is about the chemical properties of alkanes. Although alkanes are quite unreactive due to absence of an active functional group, still show substitution reactions that are free radical reactions . Chlorination and bromination is done directly but fluorination by Swart's reaction and iodination in presence of a strong oxidising agents. The other reactions are nitration , sulphonation, etc. Alkanes also undergo oxidation to produce various products depending upon nature of oxidising agents .


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkanes: Chemical Properties Part-2

Isomerization, Aromatization, Pyrolysis or Cracking,
Sterreoisomerism in Alkanes (Conformational or Rotational Isomerism

This video explains some more properties of alkanes like isomerisation, aromatization and pyrolysis (thermal cracking). Pyrolysis is used for making synthetic fuel. Stereoisomerism in alkanes is conformational or rotational that occurs due to free rotation of Carbon-Carbon single bond.


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkenes: Introduction

Structure, Stereo - Isomerism - Cis, Trans and E - Z Isomers (Geometrical Isomers)
Preparation Methods: (i) Partial Deduction og Alkynes (Birch Reduction and Using Lindlar's Catalyst)
(ii) From Haloalkanes (Saytzeff's Elimination and Hoffman Elimination)
(iii) From Vicinal Dihalides
(iv) Dehydration of Monohydric Alcohols (Reaction Mechanism)
(v) By Kolbe's Electrolysis of Sodium or Potassium salt of Dycarboxylic Acid

This video is about introduction, structure, stereoisomerism and preparatione methods of alkenes. Alkenes are prepared by partial hydrogenation of alkynes (Lindlar's catalyst for cis and birch reduction for trans alkenes), by dehydrohalogenation of haloalkanes, by vicinal dihalides, by dehydration of alcohol and by Kolbe's Electrolysis.


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkenes: Physical and Chemical Properties Part-1

Physics Properties like: Solubility, Boiling Point, etc.
Chemical Properties: Electrophilic Addition, Mechanism of Electrophilic Addition
Examples of Electrophilic Addition: (i) Addition of H2 (Sabatier and Senderns Reaction), (ii) Addition of Halogens, (iii) Addition of Halogen Acids (Markoonikov's Addition and Peroxide Effect)


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkenes: Chemical Properties Part-2

Addition of Hydrohalous Acids
Addition of Sulphuric Acid (Indirect Hydration)
Addition of Water (Direct Hydration)
Oxidation Reactions - Complete Combustion, Controlled Oxidation with different Oxidising Agents like Oxygen, Potassium permanganate (Cold, Dilute, Neutral or Alkaline and Hot, Concentrated)
Ozonolysis, Polymerisation (Polyethene and Polypropene)

This video is about some more chemical properties of alkenes - addition of hypohalous acid, addition of sulphuric acid and addition of water. Alkenes also undergo oxidation to form different products under different conditions . The combustion of alkenes is exothermic that occurs in presence of excess of oxygen . On controlled oxidation with air epoxides are formed. When oxidised with cold, dilute and alkaline potassium permanganate diols are formed and solution is decolourised ( Baeyer's test) . With hot potassium permanganate the product may be carboxylic acid or ketones depending upon the nature of alkene. On ozonolysis the products are Aldehydes or ketones. Alkenes undergo polymerization to form different products like polythene or polypropene. 


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkynes: Introduction

Introduction, and Properties like: Structure, Isomerism - Position, Chain, Functional and Ring Chain Isomerism
Classification of Alkynes - Terminal and Non-Terminal

This video is about alkynes that are linear molecules due to sp hybridization .The π electron cloud is cylindrically distributed around sigma bond. Alkynes show position, chain, functional and ring chain isomerism. Alkynes may be terminal or non terminal.


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkynes: Preparation and Physical Properties

Laboratory Preparation by Hydrolysis of Calcium Carbide
Genuinal as well as Vicinal preparation by Dehydrohalogenation
Preparation by Dehalogenation of Tetra Halides
Preparation by Dehalogenation of Halofonus
Preparation by Kolbe's Electrolysis of Potassium maleate of fumdeate
Preparation by Electric Arc using C and H2
Conversion of Lower Alkynes to higher Alkynes
Physical Properties like Solubility, Melting Points and Boiling Points

This video is about preparation methods and physical properties of alkynes. Alkynes are prepared by hydrolysis of calcium carbide, by dehydrohalogenation of vicinal and geminal dihalides, by dehalogenation of tetrahalides, by Kolbe's Electrolysis of potassium maleate or fumdrate or by converting lower alkynes to higher alkynes using alkyl halides. First three members of alkyne series are gaseous, next eight members are liquid and other higher members are solids .All are odourless and water insoluble. Alkynes have higher melting and boiling points due to linear structure.


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkynes: Chemical Properties Part-1

Comparison of Chemical Reactivity with Alkenes
Less Reactive than Alkenes
Acidic Character of terminal Alkynes containing Acetylenic H-atom
Reaction with Tollen's Reagent, Ammonical Cuprous Chloride Solution
Cause of Acidic Character of Terminal Alkynes

This video explains the lesser chemical reactivity of alkynes than alkenes towards Electrophilic addition reactions due to sp hybridization and delocalised  π electrons. Terminal alkynes having acetylinic hydrogen show àcidic character due to sp hybridization of tripple bonded C atom which is most electronegative and can lose a proton. Due to acidic character alkynes react with Tollen's reagent and red precipitate with ammonical cuprous chloride.


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkynes: Chemical Properties Part-2

Electrophilic Additions - Addition of Halogens (Br2 Water Test)
Addition of Halogen Acids (Mechanism)
Addition of Hypohalous Acids
Addition of Water (Tantomerisation)
Addition of Hydrogen Cyanide
Nucleophilic Addition of Methanol
Complete and Partial Reduction of Alkynes

This video is about Electrophilic addition reactions in alkynes - addition of halogens, addition of halogen acids, addition of hypohalous acid, addition of water, addition of hydrogen cyanide . All addition occurs in two steps and according to Markovnikov's rule. Alkynes also undergo nucleophilic addition like addition of methanol. Complete reduction of alkynes lead to formation of alkanes and partial reduction with Lindlar's catalyst results in formation of cis alkynes and Birch reduction results in formation of trans alkenes .


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Alkynes: Chemical Properties Part-3

Oxidation - Combustion, Oxidation with Cold, Dilute Potassium Permanganate (Baeyer's Test), Oxidation with hot Potassium Permangnate
Ozonolysis
Linear and Cyclic Polymerisation

This video explains the oxidation reactions of alkynes. Oxidation with cold, dilute potassium permanganate gives carboxylic acids with terminal alkynes and diones with non terminal alkynes. With hot potassium permanganate all alkynes give carboxylic acids. Ozonolysis of alkynes gives diones and keto aldehydes with non terminal and terminal alkynes respectively. Linear polymerization of acetylene gives divinylacetyline and cyclic polymerization of ethyne results in formation of benzene and of propene results in formation of mesitylene .


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Classification - Monocyclic and Bicyclic, Isomerism
Structure of Benzene - Open Chain Highly Unsaturated
Limitation to Open Chain Structure
Cyclic Structure by Kepule, Limitation of Kekule's Structure
Molecular Orbital Strucutre of Benzene
Resonance in Benzene

This video is about arenes (aromatic compounds). Arenes are classified as monocyclic and bicyclic and di and tri-substituted derivatives show isomerism. After the molecular formula of benzene was found, it was assigned an open chain structure having high degree of unsaturation. Open chain chain structure of benzene does not explain number. Properties of benzene and cyclic structure was given by Kekule . The limitations of Kekule's structure are explained on the basis of molecular orbital theory .The extra stability of benzene is due to resonance .


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Aromaticity and Preparation Methods of Benzene

Huckel's Rule
Aromatic, Non-aromatic and anti-aromatic Compounds
Preparation of Benzene by cyclic Polymerisation of Ethyne
Decarbocylation of Benzoic Acid from Phenol, by Reduction of Chlorobenzene and Benzene Diazonium Salt, from Benzene Sulphonic Acid, from n-Hexane

This video is about concept of aromaticity which is explained on the basis of Huckel's rule. Benzene can be prepared by cyclic polymerization of ethyne, by decarboxylation of benzoic acid, by reduction of phenols using zinc dust, by reduction of chlorobenzene, by reduction of benzene diazonium salt, by hydrolysis of benzene sulphonic acid and by aromatization of n-hexane.


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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Properties of Benzene Part-1

Physical Properties, Chemical Properties - Less Reactive than Alkenes and Alkynes
Electrophillic Substitution - Halogenation, Sulphonation and Nitration (Mechanisms)
Friedel-Craft Alkyation and Acylation (Mechanism)

This video explains the chemical properties of alkynes. Alkynes are more reactive than alkanes but less reactive than alkenes. Alkynes have more tendency to undergo substitution (Electrophilic) reactions  than addition reactions. The Electrophilic substitution reactions are halogenation, nitration , sulphonation, Friedel - Craft alkylation and acylation. All Electrophilic substitution occur under suitable conditions.

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Class XI - Chemistry
Unit 13 - Hydrocarbons
Properties of Benzene Part-2

Addition Reaction - Hydrogenation, Halogenation
Oxidation - Combustion, Oxidation with KMnO4 (Baeyer's Reagent), Etard Reaction, Ozonolysis, Pyrolysis, Wurtz Reaction.
Directive Influence of Substituents -Ortho, -Para directing, Ring Activating and Meta Directing Ring Deactivating
Carcinogenesity of Arenes and Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons.

This video explains some more chemical properties of alkynes . Alkynes also undergo addition reactions like hydrogenation and halogenation . Benzene is very stable towards oxidation but alkyl benzene is oxidised under different conditions to give different products like benzoic acid (oxidation with Baeyer's reagent) and benzaldehyde (Etard's reaction). Ozonolysis of benzene gives glyoxal and pyrolysis gives diphenyl. Different groups on benzene show different directive influence like ortho - para directing and meta directing . Arenes or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNH) are carcinogenic.


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